Extant policies and regulations inadequately address the unique and complex needs, vulnerabilities, and risks at the intersection of maternal and child health (Leiss & Kotch, 2010). Stress experienced by a pregnant mother, or prenatal maternal stress (PNMS), has attracted especial scrutiny within the field. Modern evidence emphatically concurs that the long-term disease, developmental, and other trajectories of gestating fetuses are significantly programmed by the intrauterine environment, a...

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