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Q1. Examine the strategies adopted by Chinggis Khan to unite the Mongol tribes and establish a powerful empire (8marks) Q2. Analyse the causes that contributed to the rapid expansion of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century. Trace the expansion indicating major methods of conquest and consolidation. (8marks) Q3. Which dynasty did Kublai Khan establish in China? a) Ming b) Yuan c) Tang d) Han (2marks) Q4. Arrange the following Mongol khanates after the death of Genghis Khan in the order they emer...

We need three tiers of government—Central, State, and Local—to ensure efficient, responsive, and inclusive governance by dividing responsibilities and powers, making administration more effective for diverse populations and local conditions. This system fosters decentralization, encourages public participation, prevents the concentration of power, and ensures that national, regional, and local needs are addressed. ...

PEASANTS, ZAMINDARS AND THE STATE (16th–17th Century Mughal India) I. TIMELINE OF IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS Year/Period Event/Development Significance 1526 First Battle of Panipat – Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodi Establishment of Mughal rule 1540-1555 Sher Shah Suri's reign Introduced effective revenue reforms: measurement of land, classification of soil 1556-1605 Akbar's reign Foundation of Mughal agrarian policies; Todar Mal’s revenue system 1570s Dahsala system introduced by Todar Ma...

Class 11 ICT Integration (so far 😑) Timeline 1 ICT: Bing and Google images, NCERT eBook, Google Arts & Culture for North American Artforms, Bruce Trigger's excerpts. Chapter - Writing and City Life ICT: NCERT eBook, Google Arts & Culture for cueniform, meospotamia artefacts, videos on life in mesopotamia, a tutorial on writing in cuneiform by Irving Finkel, Epic of Gilgamesh slides, notes on urbanisation, KV Supplementary materials Timeline 2: (incomplete) ICT: NCERT eBook, Google Art...

The Mahabharata, composed by Vyasa (showing off factual knowledge), is one of the most significant epics of ancient India and forms a vital part of our itihasa. It is not just a literary work but a reflection of Indian society, philosophy, and cultural values. Studying the Mahabharata helps us understand ancient traditions, political systems, ethical dilemmas, and spiritual beliefs. (I began with cultural importance because CBSE rewards answers that contextualize the topic historically and cultu...

How the empire was organised, political forces lots of local cultures and languages women had better legal power economy running on slave labour The Romans and the Iranians were rivals Sources (in blue color) text documents material remains - combined to tell a story annals, papyrus The early empire till 3rd century, more diverse than iran, mosaic of territories parthians then sassanians of iranian latin and greek only official, tripolitania latin speaking, Cyrenaica greek speaking. a...

12 chap 4 Thinkers Beliefs and Buildings rajsuya ashvamedha sacrifices, meaning of life, life after death were being debated, nature or existence of ultimate reality my interview: Buddhism by birth status Budhhas story, some claim miraculous, some claim he used persuasion women whos child died, he explains anicca (transient) and anatta (soulless), dukhkha is intrinsic- follow path of moderation to severe penance and self indulgence existence of God irrelevant social world creation of pe...

12 chap 5 Through the eyes of the travellers, perceptions of society Affairs of courts, religious issues, architectural monuments vijayanagara - Abdur razzaq samarqandi diplomat from herat Al biruni from Uzbekistan 11th century Muhammad ibn Ahmad Abu Raihan al-Biruni born in 973 Khwarizm (centre for learning), 1017 Sultan Mahmud invaded and took to Ghazni Punjab was part of Ghaznavid Empire objective: learn Hindus patanjali into Arabic Euclid into sanskrit (He didn't know greek but lea...

12 chap 3 Kinship Caste and Class We looked at economic, political history, different perspectives, now we study the people, what they composed for whom. V S Sukhtankar 1919-66 47 critical edition of Mahabharata Sanskrit versions had common elements regional variations in others (shows thousand years of dominant traditions vs local practices) Pali prakrit and Tamil works indicated ideas contained in normative Sanskrit texts were on the whole recognized as authoritative, they were questioned...

why do cities grow? why do they cluster in town not just food but trade manufacture service how do cities get made? (rivers coz animals for transport need food) organised trade storage deliveries need writing, needs specialisation and supplies division of labour is the mark of urban life Uruk and Mari excavated since 1840s coz of mentions in old testament, to prove it (shimer is sumer), interest later became more scientific Euphrates and Tigris cuneiform used tablets couldn't be reused ...

Kings farmers and towns Why study Mauryas? Ashoka: humble powerful inspirational 19th century questions on India's superiority in traditions, arts and sculptures Divine Kings Ashoka Piyadassi, Egypt Kushana(Central Asian): Devaputra (like chinese) coins, statues: sides=king:deities Samantas Prashasti/commoner perceptions Gandatindu (Jatakas) disguised king- forest escapees Agriculture Subaltern: Iron tipped ploughshare - Ganga valley paddy (not in semicarid regions) hoe: n-e, cen...

Format abstract introduction statement objective Place 1 History/ Background = location, origin, significance Architecture Observations and Reflection: Saw, heard, felt in relation to the concepts and theories of course. Questions to observe: q1. how its promoting national integration q2. Would students feel more encouraged to learn about indian history from visiting ___ q3. ___ as a learning resource Comparative Analysis implications and limitations of your findings. Conclusion Referen...

Test presentations hmm haa this bold? %hi% hii jii ...