firstprinciplesnotes

1)A 2)D 3)A 4)A 5)C 6)D 7)A 8)D 9)C 10)D 11)a)/\mv=1/2bh=1/20.1660=mu-mv=(5610-345)-(5610-3v), v=-40.7ms-1 11)b)Calculate the displacement moved after each frame and then divide it by the time of the video just before it hit the racket 12)a)Straight equidistant lines from conducting material plate near the positive terminal of the batter to the other conducting material plate. 12)b)1/2CV2=E=1/21210-12*52= 6J 12)c)C[eq]=1210-12+1.510-12=13.5*10-12F, V=V[o]e-1=5*e-1=1.84V 13)a)W downwards T angl...

4)Death of a star Low Mass starts(after red giant) -When He runs out, no further thermonuclear reactions are started, as the temperature is not sufficient. -The red giant sheds its outer latyes of gas /--> planetary nebula/ -As there is no nuclear burning, there is no outward pressure to balance gravity - the core is compressed further. -A very small, hot and dense star is produced /--> white dward/ -The white dwarf cools gradually, becoming dimmer, resulting in an /black dwarf./ Massive s...

Space -The universe contains hundreds of billions of galaxies, which contain billions of stars. -Stars with planet orbiting them are called solar systems -Other objects in orbit around stars are asteroids(rocky with circular orbits) and comets(icy with eccentric(not specific shape) orbit) -Planetary satellites in orbit could be natural shape moons or man-made. Stars Stellar Evolution stars flow diagram img: Stages of stellar evolution 1)Protostar -The mass of dust and gas of the stellar nebula c...

Gravitational Force -Among the four fundamental forces(strong, weak, electro-magnetic and gravitational) gravity is the weakest but it has infinite range. -Gravitational force causes objects to fall and causes planets to orbit the su, stars to orbit the centre of galaxy and galaxies to cluster together -The concept of gravitational force was first defined by Sir Isaac Newton. Newton's Law of universal gravitational -Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force along ...

Probems caused by resonance 1)Bridges - People travelling across the bridge provide a driving force. When driving frequency equals natural frequency, large oscillations will occur due to resonance. -These can damage the bridge 2)Aircrafts -Parts of the aircraft may experience resonance which can damage those parts Removing resonance Damping can be used to remove effects of resonance As the damping ratio increases, -resonant frequency decreases -the maximum amplitude decreases -the peak becomes...

-Energy is dissipated due to work done on the oscillating system due to restive forces, i.e, air resistance and friction -Energy is usually transferred in the form of heat. -Damping causes a decrease in amplitude W[r]=/(K.E+P.E) work done by resistive force-->W[r]=/\K.E+/\P.E }sum of changes in P.E, K.E damping graph img: -For a system with a small amount of damping a.k.a under damping(or light damping in Qs) the period and frequency are nearly the same as for simple harmonic motion -Critical...

Types of Radiation Types of Decay {Nuclear Decay(Radioactive Decays) Def: -Nuclear decay is a process in which the structure of a nucleus is changed} -Nuclear decay is catagorized by the type of emitted radiation Alpha Decay https://pb.blackvoid.club/?b2b86b4317862830#4cBfjWCXy8rtK9LjGv7dBXAAzo5hN8wypuHXnBofUyPG -Generally occurs in heavy-elements -Eg 238[92]U --> 234[90]Th+4[2]alpha symbol -Can be stopped by paper/few cm of air -Low penetration & high ionization -Less dangerous & hi...

{Fission Def: -Process by which larger nucleus splits apart to produce smaller nuclei which have greater binding energy per nucleon} Induced Fission https://pb.blackvoid.club/?d22f66225dc196ca#2zxwBZfe5JaANWMYNS6YCJWQj63uCByQvKrypKW6LW1t -Induced fission reactions has a nucleus requiring some energy which can be supplied by hitting the nucleus with a neutron. -Neutrons are used because they are chargeless so are not repelled by the positive charge of the nucleus. {Fusion Def: -Process by which...

Nuclear Decay -To remove nucleons from the nucleus, work must be done against the strong nuclear force -Thus, energy is required to separate a nucleus into its constituent neutrons protons {Binding Energy Def: Energy required to separate the nucleus into its constituents(nucleons) -OR the energy released when a nucleus is formed from protons & neutrons} Mass deficit He nucleus -->2p+2n, =21.007276u+21.008665u=4.031882u, /\m=4.031882u-4.002603u=0.029279u He=4.002603u -There is a differenc...

What is an ideal gas Are the gases in real ideal gas? Kinetic model of Gases Assumptions -Molecules of gas behave as identical, hard, perfectly elastic sphere -The volume of molecules is negligible compared to the volume of the container -The time of a collision is negligible compared to time between collision -There are no intermolecular forces -The molecules are in continuous random motion. https://pb.blackvoid.club/?57d1cb692ee4134c#9q6zbLgJAHpUJG1Qtcr6S9cw1P8BewqWdhjEcsnvF3a5 Ideal Gas Laws...

{Specific heat capacity Def: -Specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat E required to change the T of unit mass(1kg) of a substance by 1K(1oC)} Q=mc/\theta Where; Q=thermal E transferred, m=mass of substance, c=specific heat capacity /\theta=change in T -Units Jkg-1K-1 HEAT TRANSFER WITH ICE https://pb.blackvoid.club/?0d71a2df10c6c41a#CBPsU2PMsVWLYFdkJ5m6Q3j3N95irtBwTCcNRDmw5nhj Latent Heat {Def: -The total energy required to change a substance from the solid to liquid(or rele...

Change in U -/\K.E is observed by /\T -/\K.E is observed by /\state of matter Heat and temperature -What are the melting and bioling points and freezing points and condensing {Heat transfer def: -Heat transfer is the movement of energy from one place or material to another as a result of difference in temperature. Thermal equilibrium Def -Two objects are in thermal equilibrium with each other if there is no net flow of E, when allowed to interact.} Observation or property->-If two objects a...

States of matter -Solid are the most dense and their particles can vibrate but are held strongly by intermolecular forces. -Particles in liquids are free to move but are still restricted by their intermolecular forces -Gases are the least dense and particles move completely freely while experiencing intermolecular forces only during collisions. Internal energy(U) -Particles have kinetic energy due to their motion and potential energy due to intermolecular forces {Def:-The internal energy of an ...

Oscillations -Free oscillations occur when no external force is continously acting on a system -Thus the energy of the system remains constant -The system will oscillate at its natural frequency {Simple Harmonic Motion -Def - The oscillation of a system in which a force is continually trying to return the object to its equilibrium} -This force(a.k.a restoring force) is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium position Restoring force F=-kx F=resultant force a.k.a restoring for...